Tuesday, September 15, 2015

Learning the Times Tables? Here's How to Do It - Without Tears!

The multiplication facts (or “times tables”). 

They’re important. Kids who don’t know them will struggle later in math.

But many kids resist learning these facts, complaining that they are boring and pointless. And many parents dread them, having had similar experiences as students themselves (and maybe having forgotten their math facts by the time their kids are learning them).

Let’s look at how we can apply a bit of insight from learning science to make the times tables easier to learn and remember.


What’s the problem?

The multiplication facts are usually presented in a table like the one below (the familiar “times table”). We’ll focus on the facts from 1x1 through 10x10 here.



The most common strategy for learning the facts is “brute force memorization” – which means using a combination of worksheets, drills, flashcards and the like to badger the brain into remembering this information through sheer repetition – that is, repeating the same problems over and over again. 

If the brain were like the hard drive on your computer, this might be fine. In fact, we can enter the table of numbers above into a spreadsheet and save it to our computer’s hard disk on the first try – no problem at all.

But we know from brain research that your brain is nothing like the hard drive on your computer. In fact, brute force memorization alone is probably one of the worst possible ways for a human being to learn something.  Brute force memorization can be unpleasant - no wonder kids resist it! – and it’s ineffective.  Even if you manage to hammer the information in there, it’s more likely than not to leak away pretty quickly.


There is a better way

The brain isn’t set up to store large numbers of isolated facts rapidly (like a hard drive).  Instead, it’s set up to identify and encode meaningful patterns

What kinds of patterns? Well, visual relationships and symmetry are two good examples. Let’s take a look.


How is the times table constructed?

Have you ever thought about where the times table comes from? To understand that, first think about what a multiplication represents. 

If we take a multiplication like 8x4, we are saying we want to copy one number (the multiplicand) a certain number of times (the multiplier).  There’s no hard and fast rule about which order the multiplier and multiplicand are written. For our purposes, consider the first number (8) to be the multiplicand (the number being copied) and the second number (4) to be the multiplier (the number of copies). So in this case “eight times four” means “copy the number eight, four times.”  (Note that the word “multi-ply” is derived from the words for “many layers” – you can see why in the diagram below).

How do we get from the four eights to the result of the multiplication (which is 32)? Easy – just count out the number of squares in the whole rectangle like so…

The familiar times table is made up of all the rectangles representing all the multiplications from 1x1 to 10x10 laid one on top of the other, so that only the very last square of each one - containing the final count of squares in that rectangle - peeks through.  If you look at the cell for the multiplication of interest, you can see that it is at the top, right corner of a rectangle that represents the multiplication of interest (and covers that number of squares).

This visual relationship between the individual multiplication problems and the structure of the whole table can help students understand and remember the facts, because they can start to picture the problems visually in their mind’s eye. Also, if they forget one of the facts, then this conceptual understanding gives them a way to reconstruct it from known facts nearby. 


How can symmetry help students learn the facts?

Consider the multiplication 8x4=32.  This means, “copying eight squares four times gives you thirty-two squares.”  Notice that 4x8=32 means something different, namely “copying four squares eight times gives you thirty-two squares.”  The picture below shows the two visually. 

The rectangles represented by the two multiplications are different shapes, but they give the same result in the end (32 squares).  This works for any two numbers you multiply – changing the order changes the rectangle’s shape but doesn’t change the quantity that results.  This is called the commutative property of multiplication. 

Now let’s apply this insight back to our times table. Look at the table below.  It’s the same as the one above, but color-coded to highlight the symmetry associated with the commutative property. Notice that if you folded the table on its diagonal, the numbers in the two halves would overlap perfectly.



For students, this is great news – it means instead of memorizing all 100 facts, they can learn 55 facts (45 facts in one of the triangles plus the ten facts along the diagonal that are perfect squares like 1x1 or 4x4 – on the diagonal the multiplicand and multiplier are the same and so they have no mirror image).  Learning this one relationship cuts the number of facts almost in half instantly. 





Multiplying by 1: Mono-plying

We can cut the number of facts down further by looking at specific groups of facts.  Multiplying by one, for example, is not really multiplying at all – it’s mono-plying (if multi-ply means “many layers” then mono-ply means “one layer”). 


Remembering the mono-plying rule (multiplying any number by 1 gives you back that same number) takes care of another ten facts, leaving us with just 45 facts to learn.



Multiplying by 10

Multiplying tens is easy, too.  It’s just like multiplying by one except you append a zero to the result.

2x1 = 2 and 2x10 = 20 = “twenty” (derived from the words “twin tens”)
3x1 = 3 and 3x10 = 30 = “thirty”   (derived from the words “three tens”)
4x1 = 4 and 4x10 = 40 = “forty”    (derived from the words “four tens”)
and so on…

To see why, look at the picture.


Adding the rule for multiplying tens takes care of another nine facts, leaving just 36 to learn. 


If 36 multiplication facts still seems like a lot, consider that there are 26 letters in the English alphabet plus ten digits that have names (zero, one, two, etc.), which is also 36 facts.  Your child memorized those, and you can use the same kinds of techniques for the remaining 36 times table facts.  Just keep in mind that helping a child to understand where the facts come from along with patterns like the visual relationships between rectangles and the symmetry that comes from the commutative property will make learning the facts (and other things later, like long multiplication, division, and algebra) much easier.  The knowledge will also stick better and last longer.


Summary

To summarize, we started with 100 multiplication facts to learn, from 1x1 through 10x10. 

First we introduced a few key concepts:
  • What is multiplication? It’s copying one number a specified number of times (as in “eight times four” and “times table”) and counting up the quantity that results
  • Where does the times table come from? From stacking all the multiplication rectangles on top of one another, letting just the last square of each with the total quantity for that rectangle show through

Then we introduced a few key rules:
  • Commutative Property: It doesn’t matter which order you multiply two numbers – it means something different but you still get the same result (Example: 8x4 = 4x8 = 32)
  • Multiplying by one (or mono-plying): When you multiply any number by one, you just get that number back
  • Multiplying tens: Just like multiplying by one, except you append a zero to the result (Example: 1x4 = 4 and 10x4 = 40). Remember: the name “forty” is just a short form of “four tens”

With these few rules we cut down the number of facts to a manageable 36. Not only does this reduce the memorization load by about two-thirds, but the conceptual understanding will make the remaining facts easier for students to learn and remember.


Additional resources

This is a lot of information (who knew there was so much to know about the lowly times tables?).

Some teachers, tutors, and parents can make use of it in the form it’s presented here in the blog post. To make it easier for everyone else, I’ve packaged this information up into some free videos and a couple of inexpensive apps for iPhone and iPad - each priced less than a pack of index cards. (Note: If you are searching for one of the apps on an iPad, you'll need to change the default filter from "iPad" to "iPhone" apps to find them).

Another great way to help kids learn is to insert yourself into the process – show them you’re interested and available to help if they need it. The same way you read books to your children when they were small, you can sit with them and work through some math mini-lessons at the table, in Minecraft, or using these apps.

Video examples of using Minecraft to learn arithmetic:



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Multiplication Explained – Master the Times Tables with Understanding

Multiplication Explained is more than a typical flashcard app. It is a complete mini-curriculum designed to promote both conceptual understanding and fact fluency at the same time.  

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Comment and share!
I always love to hear from parents, teachers, and students about ways I can make these resources more useful to help you learn and teach, and what other topics you would like to explore in the blog. 

73 comments:

  1. So…Minecraft for education. I’ve been thinking a lot about this. I AM convinced of its value in education for open-ended creative play, critical thinking, problem solving, research skills, etc., etc. Your two activities provide excellent models of this. I think a missing piece, for education overall, is the meta-cognitive process of reflecting on “what did I learn.” But, I’m going to take a bit of a turn on this question (the value of Minecraft and building excellent learning opportunities in content areas) to something one off.

    The linked article (below) intrigues me—because I am the parent of a young adult on the spectrum, and a former teacher. I’d love to hear from “experts” in this field: parents, teachers, speech pathologists, psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, music therapists, game designers…and those amazing individuals on the spectrum! What is needed to effectively use Minecraft for education in content areas AND in social skill building? How can we do this with intentionality and how can we measure any growth and transfer of all these skills? Any parent of a child who is “obsessed” with the gaming environment must know that these kids ARE involved in social networking and interaction; but how do we ensure this transfers “off-line” in face-to-face interactions?

    From http://tinyurl.com/psbnpfa

    Louden says these “communities of practice” are also springing up spontaneously among parents and specialists who work with ASD children as they search for ways to adapt the game to the needs of those with autism.
    “Anything that boosts the confidence of these kids, that allows them to be the experts, the masters of their own environment, is a path that we should explore,” said Louden. “The “gamification” of these life skills is bringing about a new class of interaction between those with autism and the neurotypical world. It’s a bridge we need to continue to build.”

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Rene,
      Have you looked at Autcraft? (http://www.autcraft.com/)
      It's a Minecraft server for children and adults with autism and their families (mentioned in the article you linked).

      Also, examples of impact Minecraft can have on children on the spectrum:
      http://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/this-minecraft-community-is-saving-the-lives-of-children-wit#.kyaz5MyDj

      Delete
    2. Thank you for this link! Great, moving article! Yes, I had looked up Autcraft when I found the link I mentioned. Stuart Duncan, this amazing father, is now on my wall of heroes; and I only have a few heroes on that wall.

      Taking a sharp left turn away from my specific discussion about social skills training/transfer, back to a takeaway point of your post, here's what I think you were getting at: How can we use technology to teach to understanding/mastery, without frustrating a student to tears! Lots of tears! And probably some screaming, pencil breaking, tearing paper, name calling, blaming…we’ve all seen it, or lived it. All that can lead to math anxiety. Math anxiety is R.E.A.L. Test anxiety is real. (Those two are worthy of their own blogs.) What I think you’ve hit on, and maybe you didn’t mean to address this aspect, is that with technology we really do have the opportunity to use a different resource to teach; one without negative social feedback (even unintentional) from humans ---That is IF it has been explicitly and intentionally embedded in the design.

      The bigger questions, for me, and ones I throw out to your readers, are:

      1) As a teacher (or parent/administrator/developer/funder/other stakeholder), am I looking deeply at the technology students need?...the technology they are using? What am I measuring?

      2) Looking at the sheer number of text books AND how FEW have actually been researched for evidence of effectiveness, will I take this “do-over” chance and demand this with technology? How?

      3) What am I doing personally, besides talking, about integrating/using/evaluating technology in education? What do I need to move from talking to action? What can I do, reasonably?

      4) Last, what can I glean from observing the Autcraft members , those with ASD who struggle, sometimes in emotionally painful ways, with social interaction, as they learn, build, and collaborate to problem solve for the “greater good?” (That's a trick question, BTW)

      What I appreciate about Stuart Duncan, is that he (in my mind) asked himself similar questions and he did something about it…and it has had an impact on thousands!!! People like you write blogs, create software, ask questions, because you really do want to illicit positive change; and you’re doing something about it. All of this is risky and sometimes scary. Frankly, I think Stuart’s virtual learning community proves it was worth the risk. (Easy for me to say!) What can we, your readers, do to help identify and remove risks in order to support you, and others, who are trying to teach (multiplication facts/anything else) without tears? --Readers, that's a trick question, too, read Mike's "Comment and Share!" section for a small start. :-)

      Delete
  2. This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Another wonderful contribution to the conversation and one that brings up the opportunity to point out an opportunity for teachers in class to leverage the brain's ability to detect patterns. Teachers often feel compelled to name the patterns that they or the field has already identified. For example you note: in the section of symmetry, “This [regarding rectangles of equal sums] works for any two numbers you multiply – changing the order changes the rectangle’s shape but doesn’t change the quantity that results. This is called the commutative property of multiplication.” As a teacher I would invite other teachers to resist naming this pattern for students, and, instead invite them to consider first whether this observation really is a pattern across the table, and, secondly, whether it is worth naming. If students accept this challenge of naming the rectangles of equal opportunity (that's my name), then see what name they invent. You can build on this moment by then inviting them to consider the name that the field has already given this pattern, and to consider the differences (or similarities) in names.

    The second pedagogical opportunity builds on work of pattern recognition, by asking students if they can find symmetry in the table. They might not know what symmetry means but discovering the meaning of symmetry can be an activity in of itself. Using a mirror is one way to discover the meaning of symmetry, and then the concept can be applied to the table. I would be interested in seeing what students discover before revealing the diagonal, and, I predict, so will they.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Marc,
      Thank you for sharing these great ideas for how to actually teach this in a classroom.

      Your suggestions also provide excellent concrete examples of a powerful, general educational principle.

      The brain has different types of memory systems, and the "same" information (e.g., the times tables) can be organized in very different ways in the child's nervous system. Some organizations are much, much better than others.

      The people who create knowledge - the ancients who discovered (invented?) zero, developed our Arabic numerals, worked out our system of place value and arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication, for example - go through a constructive process where each piece of information fits coherently into a larger hierarchy of knowledge. They understood the meaning of numbers, the reasons for the quirks of our place value system, the relationships between addition and multiplication, the structure of the times table, the importance of commutativity, because they had to construct each piece of knowledge by building on top of existing knowledge. They could use that knowledge effectively because they understood not just the facts but the reasons for those facts and the relationships between them.

      What we do in textbooks is skim the top layer of information - the facts and figures, rules and algorithms - and try to get kids to memorize it all as a list of decontextualized, disconnected facts. It seems more efficient - why make them go through the steps of getting to these ends when we can just give them the ends directly?

      One reason is because this efficiency notion is actually just plain wrong when we consider how the brain learns. Imagine you had to learn a story like "Goldilocks and the Three Bears." Most of us could relate it by heart on the spot and the rest of us could recognize what story it was without being told the title. Now imagine you had to memorize a list of phrases pulled from a printed version of the same story, in no particular order, with each phrase being given a number to identify it, such that if the teacher called out the number you had to recall the phrase exactly. We would do pretty poorly on that, especially decades after studying it.

      Isn't that the "same" information in two forms similar to how the times tables is the "same" information if we just have kids memorize the facts and laws vs. understanding how the parts relate?

      The brain doesn't do well with memorizing disparate facts - it's a very inefficient way to learn something. It does well with patterns and relationships - temporal ordering and cause-effect relationships in the story, for example, provide a lot of information that helps us remember it for decades.

      As Piaget, the great developmental psychologist, put it:

      "Each time one prematurely teaches a child something he could have discovered himself, that child is kept from inventing it and consequently from understanding it completely.”

      Delete
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